Equity and trusts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Equity and trusts - Essay Example If each of these elements can be ascertained by reference to Sadhia’s will and trust instrument, the trustees will be bound by her dispositions. However, the emphasis is on certainty of intention. It was held in Tana & Anor V Tana & Anor, that â€Å"certainty of intention is in many ways the most important† certainty.2 Therefore, in a typical case, once the court is satisfied that the â€Å"declarant had the requisite intention it will strive to validate it.†3 It is against this background that the trustees of Sadhia’s estate should proceed. Bearing in mind that certainty of intention is the most important element for determining whether or not each of Sahdia’s gifts form valid declarations of trusts, the trustees are advised to proceed with this mindset. The gift of the cottage to Sadhia’s husband appears at first glance to be a discretionary trust in that the declaration assumes that her husband will do what is necessary to benefit the children of the marriage. In other words Sadhia has left the question of their children’s benefit up to her husband’s broad discretion. Certainty of subject matter is unambiguously Sadhia’s cottage and that is assuming Sadhia only has one cottage capable of being distinguished from any other realty she leaves behind. The objects of the trust are also unambiguously stated and are the children that Sadhia shares with her husband. The difficulty however, involves certainty of intention. It was held in Wright v Atkyns Turn & R 143 it is possible to descern whether or not there was an intention to create a trust by the words used. However those words must be clear and imperative4 although he failure to use specific words will not render the creation of a trust invalid.5 That said, the use of the words â€Å"in full confidence that he will do what is necessary to benefit our

Measuring The Heat of Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Lab Report

Measuring The Heat of Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide - Lab Report Example The objectives are threefold: to measure the temperature change of a HÂ ­2O2 solution as it decomposes, to measure the amount of heat absorbed by the calorimeter and finally to calculate the calorimeter constant and then use it to determine the enthalpy of decomposition. The Lab Quest unit was turned on and the temperature probe plugged in. A 150-mL beaker was wrapped in towel paper and then placed inside a 250-mL beaker. A piece of aluminium foil big enough to cover the top of the two beakers was cut. 25 mL of cold water was measured using a graduated cylinder and poured onto the 150-mL beaker.. 25 mL of hot water was measured into the graduated cylinder and the temperature measured. The temperature probe was placed into the cold water solution in the 150-mL beaker. The Lab Quest unit was then set up to begin recording the temperature by pressing the green button. 25 mL of the hot water was poured into the 150-mL beaker containing the cold water. The cup was then quickly covered with the aluminium foil. The cups were periodically swirled to ensure the contents mixed. Temperature recording was stopped once the temperature began to decline for several minutes. The used water was then poured into the sink. The recorded temperature and time data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet. The steps above were repeated twice and the average value calculated. 250 mL of HÂ ­2O2 was obtained. The temperature of the HÂ ­2O2 Â ­was measured and recorded as the initial temperature of the solution and calorimeter. The concentration of the HÂ ­2O2 was also recorded. 60 mL of 0.5M KI solution was obtained. 40 mL of the HÂ ­2O2 solution was measured into a graduated cylinder and the temperature probe plugged in. 10 mL of KI was measured into another graduated cylinder and then poured into the calorimeter and then quickly covered with an aluminium foil lid. The temperature probe was immediately inserted into the probe through a hole in the foil lid. The temperature recording

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Essay The theme of morals and guilt is explored by the characterization of John Proctor. Proctor is portrayed as being around the age of thirty and a well-respected farmer in the towns community. He is described as the kind of man- powerful of body, even-tempered, and not easily led. From these descriptions, we recognize that he is a strong, calm individual who is quite cynical. As soon as Proctor appears in the play we see that he is very much in conflict with himself due to the terrible secret he conceals within the dark and forbidding chambers of his heart. A history of sin, which goes against every moral fibre of his body and the society in which he dwells. He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion but against his own vision of decent conduct. John Proctor is guilty of committing adultery with the young Abigail Williams while she was serving as a servant in his household and this has a great effect on his conscience. Proctors conscience eats away at him throughout the play as it manifests itself into his relationship with people, especially his wife, Elizabeth. This is presented when Elizabeth states: I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man, John- only somewhat bewildered. Here we see the idea of morality being reflected on a personal level, or Proctors conception of himself. He conceives himself as a blatant sinner because of his raw deeds, being his lechery. I blush for my sin, he admits to his wife. Overall, through the characterization of John Proctor the theme morals and guilt is presented and from this we see that his perception of right and wrong are decided by his own vision of decent conduct. Characterization is essential to the exploration and development of themes in The Crucible by Arthur Miller. The characterization of Rebecca Nurse explores the theme of evil. Abigail Williams explores the themes of evil as well as the power of fear and John Proctor explores the theme of morals and guilt. All these characters and many more help develop the themes within The Crucible.

Normalization of Genomic DNA Using Duplex-Specific Nuclease Essay

Whole genome shotgun sequencing (WGS) is an effective method for the study of reference sequences in genomes. It generates several sequences data, which result in overlapping sequences eventually. The aligning DNA sequences achieved overlapping sequence assembly into contigs that could read through the computer program. The WGS method is not applicable when redundant repetitive sequences exist in large genomes1 (cited in 1). Several methods such as methylation-spanning linker libraries (MSLL), Methylation filtration (MF) and others have used eradicating redundancy in higher plant genomes that depended on the hypermethylation tendency of repetitive sequences. The use of enzymes or a genomic library set up could modify the genome, but it is applicable to limited plant genomes 2-4 (cited in 1). The authors proposed another method in this article called ‘high-C0t DNA analysis’ that followed DNA renaturation kinetics in which sheared, denatured, and gradually reanneled genomi c DNA is used. Then, hydroxyapatite chromatography is used for separation of repetitive sequences (dsDNA) from low-copy sequences (ssDNA). With the help of detailed knowledge of DNA reassociation kinetics and advance skills in spectrophotometry, high-C0t DNA analysis can be applied to any genome5-7 (cited in 1). Shagina and others (2010) has discovered duplex-specific nuclease (DSN) normalization technology for genomic DNA (1). It is a simple method that based on hybridization kinetics excluding separation of both ssDNA and dsDNA. The authors’ isolated DSN enzyme from the Kamchatka crab that is thermostable and specific to dsDNA8 (cited in 1). They first denatured dsDNA that contained repetitive sequence and hydrolyzed it by DSN and then ran PCR on ssDNA (low-... ...tion of normalized cDNA libraries enriched with full-length sequences. Bioorganic Khim. 31:170-177. 10Zhulidov PA, Bogdanova EA, Shcheglov AS, Vagner LL, Khaspekov GL, Kozhemyako VB, Matz MV, Meleshkevitch E. (2004). Simple cDNA normalization using Kamchatka crab duplex-specific nuclease. Nucleic Acids Res 32:e37. 11Rodrigue S, Malmstrom RR, Berlin AM, Birren BW, Henn MR, and Chisholm SW. (2009). Whole genome amplification and de novo assembly of single bacterial cells. PLoS One 4:e6864. 12Cheung F, Haas BJ, Goldberg SM, May GD, Xiao Y, and Town CD. (2006). Sequencing Medicago truncatula expressed sequenced tags using 454 Life Sciences technology. BMC Genomics 7:272. 13Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409:860-921.

Battle of waterloo Essay

The Battle of Waterloo was fought thirteen kilometres south of Brussels between the French, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Allied armies commanded by the Duke of Wellington from Britain and General Blucher from Prussia. The French defeat at Waterloo drew to a close 23 years of war beginning with the French Revolutionary wars in 1792 and continuing with the Napoleonic Wars from 1803. There was a brief eleven-month respite when Napoleon was forced to abdicate, exiled to the island of Elba. However, the unpopularity of Louis XVIII and the economic and social instability of France motivated him to return to Paris in March 1815. The Allies soon declared war once again. Napoleon’s final defeat at Waterloo marked the end of the Emperor’s final bid for power, the so-called ‘100 Days’, and the final chapter in his remarkable career. The Protagonists Napoleon Bonaparte had always been driven by his desire to make France a European empire and was an experienced warlord and leader. He had carried out a coup against the government of the First Republic of France (the ‘Directory’) in 1799 and established himself as ruler and First Consul, eventually to declare himself First Consul for life and Emperor in 1804. In 1802 the French Republic was officially ecognised and the Peace of Amiens signed. Napoleon had higher ambitions and pursued his desire to make France the most powerful country in Europe by conquering other countries including Britain. In 1803, Britain declared war on France and the ensuing ‘Napoleonic Wars’ were fought between France and various Allied coalitions over the next 1 1 years. The Allies successfully invaded in 1814 and forced Napoleon to abdicate at the Treaty of Fontainbleau. The European powers were meeting in Vienna to re-establish the territorial balance in Europe when news came of Napoleon’s escape from Elba on 1st March 181 5 and is re-entry into Paris on 20th March. The powers immediately renewed their declaration of war on Napoleon and the 7th Coalition between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia was formed on 25th March. They began assembling their troops in readiness for war, intending to attack along the French borders and march on Paris from different directions with enough strength to crush the French. In the event, only the armies of Wellington and Blucher were in place in Belgium. The Austrians and Russians arrived after Napoleon had been defeated. The Allied army under the Duke of Wellington was a coalition of British, Dutch, Belgian and German oldiers. Napoleon described Britain as ‘the most powerful and most constant of my enemies’. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, had never been beaten by the French and had a reputation as a talented coalition general. He came to prominence in India and then successfully directed the Peninsular Campaign of 1811 when the British went to support Portugal and Spain against Napoleon. He was made a duke at the end of that war and appointed ambassador to the restored Bourbon court in 1814. Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher was the commander of the Prussian army. He was 72 at the time ot the Battle ot Waterloo and he only man to nave beaten Napoleon more than once. Age and experience meant that Blucher was less afraid of Napoleon than any other commander. His self-confidence and career record had a positive effect on his army, helping to keep morale amongst the Prussians high. Strategies After his return to France, Napoleon developed his strategy to defeat the Allies. He re-established himself in Paris and began building up his army in preparation for an invasion of Belgium, his goal was to capture Brussels. His battle plan was to mount an offensive attack on the Allied troops gathering in Belgium and to destroy them. In order to do this he wanted to divide the armies before defeating them separately, forcing Wellington’s army to retreat back to the Belgian coast in the west and the Prussians to retreat to the east. With speed he deployed his army along the French border and centred his headquarters at Beaumont Just across the border from Belgium. He was ready to attack on 15th June 1815. In order to separate Wellington and Blucher’s troops, Napoleon ordered Marshal Ney to advance on Quatre-Bras, a crossroads on the roads between Brussels and Charleroi and Nivelles and Namur. Allied Dutch-Belgium troops under Prince William of Orange were already positioned around the area and succeeded in holding off the French attack until reinforcements arrived. They continued to hold their ground, resulting in stalemate on 16th June. The result may have been a coincidence of timing. Had Marshal Ney attacked Quatre-Bras earlier the outcome could have been very different as, until the reinforcements arrived, the French army greatly outnumbered the Allies and their chances of victory were good. If the Allies had been defeated, they may have retreated completely rather than regrouping at Mont St Jean, a few kilometres north of Quatre-Bras. Wellington admitted surprise at the direction of the French attack; ‘Napoleon has humbugged me’, he declared. At Ligny, the Prussian army occupied strongholds of walled gardens, stone houses and farmhouses and lined up on the forward slope of the Ligny Brook with the right guarding the villages of St Armand and St Armand Haye. Heavvy fghting ensued with casualties on both sides, but the Prussians were forced to commit more and more troops. Although the French were victorious, they failed to totally destroy the Prussian army. They were able to retreat, albeit with numerous injured and dead, north to Wavre (about 18 kilometres east of Waterloo) Napoleon had succeeded in his aim of keeping the two Allied armies apart but mistakenly believed the Prussians were defeated. He was confident that Wellington could also be defeated. Preparing for battle On the morning of 18th June 181 5, Wellington was occupying the ridge of Mont St Jean, Just south of Waterloo, and Napoleon that of La Belle Alliance across the valley. The corps were divided into three under the commands of Lord Hill, Prince William of Orange and Sir Thomas Picton. Wellington was short of well-trained infantry and the cavalry were inexperienced, but he believed in the use of carefully deployed firepower. They had some 156 cannon and the standard gun for the infantry, a smoothbore mus et k titted with a bayonet on a socket over the barrel ot a gun Observing that his troops were outnumbered by the French, Wellington decided that his best plan was to stand firm until the Prussians could come to his aid.

Compare and Contrast between Angkor Wat and the Pyramid of...

Name: Tan Bunma Class: F2 Date: 12/10/2014 Compare and Contrast Pyramids of Giza and Angkor Wat â€Å"It is not the beauty of a building you should look at; it’s the construction of the foundation that will stand the test of time.† By David Allan Coe The quotation above means that the beauty of a building is not as important as the construction of the prototypes of its structure. Basically, the development of its foundations and techniques are more important than those of its attractiveness. Meanwhile, Angkor Wat and Pyramids of Giza are two ancient buildings that are able to continue its legacies to the contemporary world. Angkor Wat and the Pyramids of Giza are the examples of the external and internal beauties in which its structures were†¦show more content†¦Conversely, the authenticities of their designs are different. Particularly, Angkor Wat’s architectural designs are originated from the combination of the Indian’s culture and its neighboring cultures (UNESCO Angkor Wat, 2014). According to UNESCO (2014), â€Å"Khmer architecture evolved largely from that of the Indian subcontinent, from which it soon became clearly distinct as it developed its own special characteristics, some independently evolve d and others acquired from neighboring cultural traditions. The result was a new artistic horizon in oriental art and architecture.† On the contrary, Egyptian has developed its own (Beers, 1983, p. 23). Beers (1983, p. 24) has stated that â€Å"the Egyptians have improved hieroglyphics and developed the engineering skills needed to construct a more elaborate tombs for the pharaohs.† Although the Angkor Wat and the Pyramids of Giza located near big rivers and built with similar materials, their arts in architectural designs are originated differently. Even though Angkor Wat and the Pyramids of Giza were built in the period where their social developments are different, their citizens’ beliefs and suffering are following the same route. To begin with, Angkor Wat and Giza were built during different levels of development regarding its society. Angkor Wat was constructed during the

Terrorism Essay - 623 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A gunshot, an explosion, and screaming heard. That is what is generally thought of when one hears the word quot;Terrorismquot;. In most cases it is true, but there are many other types of terrorism. Most terrorist incidents in the United States have been bombing attacks, involving explosive devices, tear gas and pipe bombs. (Collins, B. 1)The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) categorizes terrorism in the U.S. as either; domestic or international terrorism. Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion or ransom. Terrorists often use threats to create fear among the public, to try to†¦show more content†¦1) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Besides individual leadership into terrorism, the KGB was a recent group of leaders that would intimidate any anti-soviet behavior, by the way of interrogation and trial of any suspects that they considered suspicious. The KGB handled internal functions such as surveillance of the Soviet population to make sure that everyone was loyal to its country. (Quaide, D. 1) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Terrorism can be classified in many ways, from destruction of buildings, to destroying or invading of computers. The face of technology has changed the way terrorist carry out their acts, while the intentions are still the same. The intelligence systems, security, procedures, and equipment that were once expected to protect the U.S. people, are now becoming powerless against this new type of technology. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Individual terrorism has many forms such as hijacking of commercial airplanes or cruise ships. But the most recent, frequent type throughout the U.S. consists of Bomb-mobiles or vehicles loaded with explosives to be used in residential areas.(Hancock, L. 2) The terrorist act at the Federal Building in Oklahoma City left 169 adults and children dead and the entire city in trauma. (Collins, B. 1) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Uni-Bomber was another well known terrorist. He used homemade explosives to package boxes so when the victim opened it, he wasnt supposed to live. He targeted individuals as well asShow MoreRelatedTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1326 Words   |  6 Pagesallowing terrorism to be successful and continue. Terrorists gain power through the common, innocent people they attack. How the world responds to terrorist attacks determines whether or not terrorism will cease. The common people’s response to terrorism, the interest of the state, and the media’s role in terrorism all aide to terrorism’s success and its continuation in the future. How people willingly choose to respond to terrorist attacks defines terrorism and determines if terrorism will continueRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1035 Words   |  5 PagesOver the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word terrorism stems from the word terror, which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they take the actions towards instilling fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda. Some terroristsRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1626 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism can be categorized as â€Å"the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as means to create terror, or fear, to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim (Fortna).† Although there is no formal definiti on of terrorism, we typically associate the words terrorism and terrorists with acts of violence that are used unlawfully to intimidate in pursuance of political gain. Terrorists do not act at random, but rather use violence to maximize on fear and publicity with a specific goal inRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1126 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism Have you ever had a fear for your family, your town, your country, or your world. How about the fear to have everything taken from you, destroyed, and not caring if it has hurt you or not? What about your fear and pain is, and can be someone else’s happiness? The fear of you being terrorized? That is terrorism. Someone else bringing fear and terrorizing you. That is a terrorist’s goal. Terrorism is common and is very difficult to stop. The government promises protection for the peopleRead MoreTerrorism And Terrorism : Terrorism1231 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism is a common term used in the media and news everyday, especially in the United States. We are in a constant battle against ‘terrorism’, â€Å"Counterterrorism has to be woven into the everyday workings of every department. It should be included on the agenda of every meeting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kelling Bratton, 2006). Terrorism and How to Respond All terrorism is criminal but not all criminals are terrorists. Terrorism unlike most crimes has a political agenda behind it. Many terrorists are involved withRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism851 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorist attacks are major threats that could occur in any nation. Terrorism is one of those things that can happen at any time. It will strike in small, medium and large cities. Although we will never be able to remove all risk from terrorism, we can definitely reduce the risk through hazard mitigation and disaster preparedness (GBRA, 2011). To better understand terrorism we need to know what it is. Terrorism can be defined as the use of force or violence against persons or property in violationRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism in Sudan In the past, Sudan had been designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism regarding support for international terrorist groups. However, Sudan has changed its approach ever since the 9/11 attacks has been aiding the United States in diminishing the pervasiveness of terrorist groups in Sudan, and in the world. Recently, Sudan has remained cooperative with the United States in its war on counter terrorism. Sudan has taken many preventive measures to keep these terrorist groups outRead MoreThe Effects Of Terrorism On Terrorism And Terrorism944 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Terrorism â€Å"The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and historically significant individuals, entities, and incidents associated, whether rightly or wrongly, with terrorism,† (History of Terrorism). The history of terrorism is a long bloody road. One of the bloodiest of acts of terrorism in the early years, was the reign of terror. In which, the Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre, executed 40,000 people. Newspapers coined the word â€Å"Terrorism† as a way of describing RobespierreRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism1207 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion † What trends are evident in terrorism over the past 5 years? How have these trends impacted on the ways in which counter terrorism has responded in the Australian context? Introduction Terrorism poses a serious security challenge to the Australia and globally as it prevalence has increased over a decade although less attacks occur in the Western nations. The purpose of this assignment is to examine what trends and terrorist tactics are evident internationally over the past 5 years andRead MoreTerrorism Between Terrorism And Terrorism2012 Words   |  9 PagesTerrorism has played a brutal and alarming role in societies across the world. Many nations have been confronted with the need to develop solutions in the wake of tragedies caused by terrorism. Unfortunately, terrorist organizations are still operating and terrorist acts have continued. Many questions that have still gone unanswered despite careful study, but governments are finding some relief when collaborating with anti-terrorism organizations (Fischer, 2002). Terrorists have struck almost everywhere